ATOMS & CRYSTALS
(1) Collins English Pocket Dictionary 1981 p540
(2) Bonding occurs in three primary forms: IONIC, COVALENT (NON-METALS) and METALLIC and two secondary: VAN DER WAALS and FLUCTUATING POLARIZATION BONDS.
(3) Craig & Peyton~Restrorative Dental Materials~C.V. Mosby Co 1975 p126-7
(4) Davies, A.C.~Welding Science and Technology (Vol I)~Cambridge University Press 1989 p153/Craig & Peyton~Restrorative Dental Materials~C.V. Mosby Co 1975 p124-5
(5) Littlefield D.& Jones W.~Great Modern Structures~Cameron House 2007 p242

SOLID TO LIQUID & BACK AGAIN
(1) For example: a copper atom has a diameter of 1.275 Å (10ˉ¹ºm), the lattice constant of copper is 0.3608nm (1nm = 0.000 000 001m). (Data: West E.G~Copper & It's Alloys~Ellis Horwood 1982 p14. Also: Klien H~The Science of Measurement~Dover NY 1974.
(2) Alloys of a specific combination referred to as EUTECTIC compositions often exhibit the same characteristic cooling curve as pure metals (typical of copper-nickel and silver-copper alloy systems for example, silver-copper @ 72:28). The cooling curve will vary in it's detailed characteristics (ie temperature points and time period), according to the specific properties of each individual metal or alloy combination.

HEAT TREATMENT - AN INTRODUCTION
(1) Kenyon, W.~Basic Welding and Fabrication~Longman Scientific and Technical 1979 p6
(2) Brown, John R.~Foseco Foundrymans Handbook~Butterworth-Heinemann 1994 p181-245

QUENCHING & HARDENING
(1) Davies, A.C.~Welding Science and Technology (Vol I)~Cambridge University Press 1989 p94-5

HOT FORMING(1) In the case of LEAD, the re-crystallisation temperature is at a point lower than ambient room temperature, therefore lead is metallurgically classed as being HOT FORMED even when manipulated by hand with no external heat source applied. (see Slade E.~ Metals in the Modern World ~ Aldus Books London p82).
(2) Mill scale tends to become incorporated into the metal's surface causing pitting (see Davies, A.C.~Welding Science and Technology (Vol I)~Cambridge University Press 1989 p118).

PHYSICAL & MECHANICAL PROPERTIES - AN INTRODUCTION

(1) Brown, John R.~Foseco Foundrymans Handbook~Butterworth-Heinemann 1994 p158
(2) L.Burrows & D. Hiscock Craft Enginerring Data Handbook p113

COLOUR & STRENGTH
(1) Frank O Gehry Guggenheim Museum Bilbao 1997
(2) Thames Barrier for example (GLC & Rendel Palmer & Tritton 1982)
(3) L.Burrows & D. Hiscock Craft Enginerring Data Handbook p112-113
(4) L.Burrows & D. Hiscock Craft Enginerring Data Handbook p110
(5) Copper & Copper Alloys Technical Note TN10 CDA 1986

HARDNESS, BRITTLENESS, ELASTICITY & PLASTICITY
(1) Brown, John R.~Foseco Foundrymans Handbook~Butterworth-Heinemann 1994p 158. Also: Everdur 87300 data sheet

CONDUCTIVITY & DENSITY
(1) For example; the coefficient of linear expansion for copper is 0.000 017, therefore if a bar 200 mm long is heated by 100°C: 200 + (200 x 0.000 017 x 100) = 200 + (0.34) = 200.34 mm final length @ 100°C increase.
(2) Density may also be expressed as KILOGRAMS PER METER CUBED (kg/m³), GRAMMES PER MILLILITE (g/ml), KILOGRAMMMES PER LITRE (kg/l), GRAMMES PER CUBIC CENTIMETER (g/cc) or as a SPECIFIC GRAVITY VALUE.
(3) Data References:L.Burrows & D. Hiscock Craft Enginerring Data Handbook/Brown, John R.~Foseco Foundrymans Handbook~Butterworth-Heinemann 1994/Davies, A.C.~Welding Science and Technology (Vol I)~Cambridge University Press 1989.

EMF TARNISH & CORROSION
(1) Davies, A.C.~Welding Science and Technology (Vol I)~Cambridge University Press 1989 p164/Mc Graw Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology Vol 6 8th Ed 1997 p198
(2) Craig & Peyton~Restrorative Dental Materials~C.V. Mosby Co 1975 p50-51
(3) Sandvik Data Sheet - Wet Corrosion Handbook 349C27F72301CF3DC1256B490032613D
(4) CDA www.copper.org/education/liberty/liberty_reclothed1.html

GENERAL READING
Alexander & Street~Metals in the Service of Man~Pelican 1946
Bhadeshia, H & Pullan W (Ed)~Structure in Science and Art (1998 Darwin College Lectures)~Cambridge University Press 2000
Brandt, D.A~Metallurgy Fundamentals~Goodheart-Willcox Co Inc 1992
British Aluminium Corp.~Aluminium in Architecture and Decoration~British Aluminium Corp. 1933
Brown, John R.~Foseco Foundrymans Handbook~Butterworth-Heinemann 1994
Burrows & Hancox~Craft Engineering Data Book~S.T(P) Ltd
Chandler, H.~ Metallurgy for the Non Metallurgist~ASM International 1998
Chapman, W.A.J.~Workshop Technology~Edward Arnold 1976
Cline,W.~Mining and Metallugy in Negro Africa~George Banta-Menasha 1937
COPPER DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIAITION (CDA) WEBSITE, DATA SHEETS & TECHNICAL NOTES
Craig & Peyton~Restrorative Dental Materials~C.V. Mosby Co 1975
Davies, A.C.~Welding Science and Technology (Vol I)~Cambridge University Press 1989
Ross, R. B.~Metallic Materials Specification Handbook~E&F Spon Ltd. 1972
Slade E.~ Metals in the Modern World ~ Aldus Books London 1967
Smithells, C.J.~Metals Reference Book~Butterworths 1976

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